Sunday, August 23, 2020

Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration †Free Samples

Question: Talk about the Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. Answer: Presentation Worldwide Trade has frequently been a main impetus to social, political, monetary security. Bill of exchanging is a composed legally binding proof of conveyance of items and carriage traveled via ocean in return of specific shipment. For the most part, a shipper ship the items to a transporter while the operator or bearer of the shipper issues bill of replenishing. Bill of Lading is supposed to be a basic report that records that specific wares have been stacked on board a boat. In any case, with the headway in innovation, the development of electronic bill of replenishing marks the setting of electronic correspondence in the worldwide exchange inside the oceanic business. The paper targets talking about four fundamental capacities performed by the paper Bill of exchanging and assess the capacity of the electronic bill of filling to perform comparable capacities, with regards to their significance to universal exchange (Law, 2016). In Basinco Motors Ltd v WoermannLine Anor [2009], a bill of filling has been characterized as a composed record that is marked in the interest of the proprietor of the boat in which the products are stacked as an affirmation of the items and taking the wares to convey them until the finish of the excursion. Such duty is exposed to the conditions, which will be specified in the Bill of Lading. Consequently, this archive will be implied as a composed agreement between individuals who are explicitly gatherings to such report. There are three kinds of Bill of Lading, which are as per the following: Straight and Negotiable Bill of Lading-this sort of Bill of filling becomes debatable instrument when the equivalent is given to the transporter and is passed straightforwardly like money. Statement Bill of filling and Clean Bill of Lading-A provision charge alludes to awful state of wares being conveyed. A perfect Bill of filling states that the products are in a decent condition and are all together. Sent and Received for Shipment Bills-a dispatched bill of filling is one that indicates that wares have been really dispatched ready and the got for shipment Bill signifies that the transporter has gotten products into his guardianship before its shipment. The proprietor of a boat or his delegate gives the Bill of Lading. As per Article 15 of the Hamburg Rules, after the items are stacked in the vessel, the boat proprietor will give a record, which must incorporate the amount, nature of the wares, obvious condition of the wares, name of the shipper, port of release, mark of the bearer or individual for its benefit. It should likewise incorporate the spot of issuance of the Bill, expanded constraints of risk and the date or time of conveyance of the items at the port of release. The Bill of Lading plays four significant capacities with regards to worldwide law. It plays four fundamental capacities that are counted as beneath: Bill of replenishing as a receipt for the sent products In Ogwuru v Co-operation bank of E/N Ltd (1994), the court held that the Bill of Lading fills in as a receipt for wares. The Bill of replenishing goes about as a significant record that gives proof of the way that products have been passed on and have been dispatched on the date expressed in the bill. As a receipt of the items, Bill of Lading fulfills three separate fundamental characteristics, for example, driving imprints in the wares; decides if the wares are in recognizable acceptable condition and request; the volume and amount of the wares; The announcement gave by the proprietor of the boat is proof of the quality and amount of the wares. In the event that the products are seen as conflicting with the announcement made by the boat proprietor, at that point the gathering is required to build up that the items were not in a terrible condition. On the off chance that the equivalent is built up, the bearer will be at risk for deception. If there should arise an occurrence of such debates identifying with the condition or amount of wares, bill of filling will turn into an at first sight evidence that the products were dispatched under conditions specified in the Bill of replenishing. The Bill of filling, which expresses that the wares are in acceptable condition it is known as spotless bill of replenishing and a bill that expresses the wares are in rough shape and isn't all together, the Bill is a claused bill of filling under the Carriage of Commodities via Sea Act 1971. Bill of Lading as a Document of credit The narrative credit incorporates letter of credit exchanges where the bank of the buyer gives a letter of credit that influences the installment of the items bought. The necessities of Bill of replenishing to be utilized as an archive of credit have been specified under Article 20 UCP 600. The UCP doesn't expressly recognize a non-debatable Bill of filling and a debatable Bill of replenishing. Banks for the most part require total arrangement of bills of filling on the off chance that more than one bill has been given and it will dismiss any delicate that is not exactly the total arrangement of Bills. Further, a bank as a rule acknowledges a perfect bill of filling alongside different conditions specified under Article 20 of the UCP to offer impact to the narrative type of credit for the buyer. A report of title is kwon as a deed that allows the holder of the archive to deal with the wares like the proprietor of the products. The bill of filling can be said to acquire the genuine conveyance of the wares at the assigned ports (Ahmadi, Elsan Noshadi, 2017). A legal holder of a bill of filling is said to have productive responsibility for wares. Truth be told, during change of the items, the proprietor of the products can exchange the wares to someone else by simply passing on the bill of filling as thought. In this manner, a real holder can without much of a stretch exchange the items by conveying the reports to a third individual. Be that as it may, a Straight Bill of Lading can't be expressed as a report of title. The Bill of Lading goes about as the main restricting agreement entered between the transporter and the collector of the wares, which infers that the terms not consolidated in the Bill, will be avoided (Aikens, Lord Bools, 2015). This is on the grounds that the purchaser has just the notification of the terms specified in the Bills of filling and terms utilized outside the Bills will add up to break of agreement law standards as was held in Leduc Co v Ward [1888]. Assessment of electronic Bill of Lading to perform elements of Paper Bill of replenishing The inquiry whether electronic Bill of replenishing is equipped for playing out the reason for the Paper Bill of filling has been exposed to a few discussions. Lion's share of the purviews depend on bill of ladings that are recorded as a hard copy rather than its electronic structure. Further, lawful vulnerabilities may emerge regarding the evidentiary worth, legitimacy, stockpiling of information messages and joining of terms and conditions in the agreement of carriage. Be that as it may, regardless of such contentions against utilizing of electronic Bill of filling, brokers are utilizing the electronic way to do the global exchanges on the ground that paper Bills ate unreliable, costly advertisement confuse to utilize, which frequently cause pointless postponement. With respect to the capacity of electronic Bills to play out the elements of paper charges, it very well may be expressed that going about as a proof of carriage and receipt of delivered wares doesn't represent any issue. The archive of title capacity can be accomplished by giving a system through which made sure about exchange laws ought to give adequate standards that empower dealers and banks to acknowledge the record title. Hence, the production of security enthusiasm for an electronic report of title will make it fit to work like paper Bill of ladings (Gaskell, 2016). Concerning the transferability of electronic Bill of replenishing, it tends to be performed to expel the legitimate obstructions as for the support and physical conveyance of the paper Bill of filling under Article 16(f) of Model Law. As indicated by Article 17, the information utilized in electronic bill is comparable to the paper necessity of the customary Bill of replenishing. Further, Article 8(1) and 8(4) guarantees that the information messages fulfills the inventiveness, uprightness, dependability necessity of the information gave the data stay unaltered and complete. Besides, according to Article [3(3)] of Hague-Visby and Article [14(1)], which requires the bearer to give a bill of replenishing on request of the shipper and Article [3(3) (a) (b)] and Article [3(6)] of the Hague-Visby requires the bill and certain notification to be recorded as a hard copy. The electronic bill of filling may play out this capacity too because of the arrangement in Article [1(8)] of Hamburg Rules, which incorporates message, wire, and electronic mark on the bill of replenishing, in this way, offering acknowledgment to the electronic Bill of filling. End The electronic type of Bill of replenishing can accomplish the elements of the conventional Bill of Lading if the strategy activities and administrative proportions of states automate port offices and change the local laws to consolidate the electronic type of bill of filling. Electronic bill of filling will prevail with regards to playing out the capacity of debatability that is performed by the customary type of bill of replenishing and will turn into the business custom as far as time, acknowledgment and measure of information utilization. In this way, the electronic bill can be supposed to have the option to perform comparable elements of paper bill of exchanging yet with unmistakable procedural qualities. References 1985 - UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration Ahmadi, M. R. An., Elsan, M., Noshadi, I. (2017). Similar Study of Bill of Lading Function as Title Document.J. Pol. L.,10, 188. Aikens, R., Lord, R., Bools, M. (2015).Bills of replenishing. CRC Press. Basinco Motors Ltd v WoermannLine Anor [2009] 13 NWLR (Pt. 1157) 149 at 186 Carriage of Commodities via Sea Ac

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Seville Essays - Province Of Seville, Seville, Giralda, Guadalquivir

Seville Spanish SEVILLA, old Hispalis, city and capital of the provincia of Seville, in the Andalusia comunidad aut?noma (self-ruling network) of southern Spain. Seville lies on the left (east) bank of the Guadalquivir River at a point around 54 miles (87 km) north of the Atlantic, and around 340 miles (550 km) southwest of Madrid. An inland port, it is the main city of Andalusia and the fourth biggest in Spain. It was significant in history as a social place, as a capital of Muslim Spain, and as a middle for Spanish investigation of the New World. Seville was initially an Iberian town. Under the Romans it thrived from the second century BC forward as Hispalis, and it was a managerial focus of the area of Baetica. The Silingi Vandals made it the seat of their realm right off the bat in the fifth century AD, yet in 461 it went under Visigothic rule. In 711 the town tumbled to the Muslims, and under their standard Ixvillia, as it was presently called, prospered. It turned into a main social and business focus under the 'Abbadid line and the resulting Almoravid and Almohad confederations. As the Almohad capital in the twelfth century, Seville delighted in extraordinary flourishing and eager structure programs. In any case, after the Muslim ownership of Seville was finished in 1248 by Spanish Christians under Ferdinand III, the significant Moorish and Jewish minorities were crashed into banish, and the neighborhood economy briefly fell into ruin. The Spanish revelation of the Americas carried new thriving to the city. Seville turned into the focal point of the investigation and abuse of America through the House of Trade, which was built up there in 1503 to direct business among Spain and the New World. For two centuries Seville was to hold a prevailing situation in Spain's New World business; it was the site of the central mint for gold and silver from the Americas, and numerous Spanish displaced people to the New World cruised from its quays. Seville was in actuality the most extravagant and most crowded city in Spain in the sixteenth century, with somewhere in the range of 150,000 occupants in 1588. This splendor was passing, be that as it may, since Seville's flourishing was put together for the most part with respect to the abuse of the settlements as opposed to on neighborhood industry and exchange. Thus, Seville's economy declined in the seventeenth century, however its social life experienced an extraordinary blooming right now. The painters Diego Vel?zquez, Francisco de Zurbar?n, and Bartolom? Esteban Murillo, the stone worker Juan Mart?nez Montas, and the writer Fernando de Herrera are the wonders of Seville and of Spain. Miguel de Cervantes thought about his novel Don Quixote while he was bound in Seville's prison. In the eighteenth century Spain's Bourbon rulers figured out how to invigorate a constrained financial recovery in the city, however in the nineteenth century the French attack, insurgencies, and common war ended such turn of events. In 1847 the April Fair, a yearly affair following Easter, was set up. The Iberoamerican Exposition of 1929 started another renaissance in Seville. During the twentieth century the port was expanded, and the city restored as a mechanical and business focus. The Universal Exposition world's reasonable opened in Seville in 1992. Seville's numerous structural landmarks endure the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) flawless in light of the fact that the city was held by the Nationalists all through the whole clash, and was along these lines never battled about. The most established piece of Seville lies on the left bank of the Guadalquivir and is unpredictably arranged, with a labyrinth of limited and bending avenues, little encased squares, and houses fabricated and embellished in the Moorish style. There is a to some degree progressively extensive design in the focal locale close to the Cathedral of Santa Maria and the Alc?zar Palace. Seville's house of God is one of the biggest in territory of every single Gothic places of worship. Its majority was developed from 1402 to 1506 on the site of the city's important mosque, which had been worked by the Almohads in 1180-1200 on the site of a prior Visigothic church. One of the mosque's couple of enduring segments, its minaret, called the Giralda, was fused into the hous e of God as its ringer tower. The minaret has surfaces as a rule secured with wonderful yellow block and stone framing of Moorish plan. The primary part of the Cathedral of Santa Maria is inherent

Friday, August 21, 2020

Red Snapper Fishing Regulations Essay Example for Free

Red Snapper Fishing Regulations Essay Proposal to execute various guidelines on Red Snapper angling. Numerous individuals such as myself, look forward every year to the excessively energizing angling season to get the cherished snapper. Season dates alongside size and ownership limits are the same old thing to the angler; however when a committee chooses to recoil an angling season that is ordinarily a month long down to a small 9 days it very well may be grievous for some. Keeping up the help and supportability of these fish is a critical undertaking, that nobody can't help contradicting, yet when practically removing the season, completely, one can modify numerous people’s plans, diversions, and lifestyles. I intend to propose an alternant approach to save and keep up the biological system of these fish while giving satisfactory and reasonable guidelines to all. The reason for this report it to convince the fisheries gatherings to address the present issues that remain with recreational snapper angling. I will give insights and furthermore examined information that I have assembled to close with respect to what the best alternative is to take care of these issues. Current Situation: The measure of fishermen in the Gulf of Mexico rises each day with additionally needing to get snapper. For a mind-blowing length there has been guidelines to keep up these fish, while they worked superbly to safeguard life and keep the fisher upbeat, the ongoing change starting at 2014 doesn't. Many realize that these specific fish can, for the most part, be found in more profound waters close to structure, for example, reefs and oil stages; and furthermore many realize that there are various association and petitions to keep old, unused oilrigs remaining in the bay in view of their capacity to keep up and plenitude of untamed life underneath. With more preservation to enable these fish to flourish for what reason did the committees choose to recoil the season dates from a past 30+ day season to brief 9 days when there are different boards additionally partaking to help the quantities of fish? With this extraordinary change in guideline numerous fishermen, who, in years past, looked for these snapper, found that it was not worth the time and cash it requires to follow them. (Vessel Launch) With a constraint of 2 for each individual for every day, a 9-day season basically has neither rhyme nor reason. The board warned the open that the season would be shorter this year, yet nobody anticipated that it should be a number in the single digits! The government the board of red snapper depends on the numbers coming out of the aggregate of the Gulf of Mexico rather than by area, for example, state waters. Since the government red snapper season has been set at an absurdly low nine days it repeats the error of the ebb and flow bureaucratic administration of this extraordinary fishery. This framework can't be changed or gradually improved. It should be completely updated; the administration of the recreational red snapper fishery should be moved to the states where we can do quality stock evaluations and set sensible seasons equivalent with the biomass that is in the Gulf of Mexico’’, says Alabama Marine Resources Director Chris Blankenship. (Bay) At the point when states need to assume control over issues with no government the executives or help, the current issue has gotten very genuine. The committees answerable for arrangements and crediting suggestions to the federalâ regulation of these fisheries must attempt another stand and assume liability so as to serve the open decently and legitimately. I accept a basic arrangement that will help this circumstance has been recently utilized for another types of fish. When addressing Dr. L. Gleeson of the Coast Conservation Association he expressed, â€Å" When we passed the movement to diminish the base size of Speckled Trout it was on the grounds that following quite a while of expanded protection we saw that the number of inhabitants in the species was up about 75%, so we felt that we could keep up great numbers while satisfying the angler with a littler legitimate size.†(Red Snapper) A basic move that diminishes the base lawful size of the Red Snapper would do similarly as most need. It could keep as far as possible to 2 for each individual however permit more fishermen to partake in the fishery by permitting the littler snapper at the shallower oil apparatuses to be gathered as opposed to expecting fishers to invest the cash and energy that it takes to venture to every part of the extra nautical miles to the more profound apparatuses to locate the bigger, legitimate snapper. The CCA had its reservations when bringing down the base legitimate size for trout however after research of the species for a long time now the confirmations gives conviction that the populace has not diminished, and generating has staying at equivalent levels. Surely, you may have questions and reservations too, yet with the entirety of the overabundance help to control and keep up the red snapper fishery there ought to be no doubt this is a successful method to adjust the help and build up another guideline system for the ongoing years to come. I accept if this framework were actualized soon we would see related outcomes inside a similar time span of a couple of years, if not shorter. Since there is no season dates for dotted trout, the slow time of year for red snapper would show typical bringing forth numbers with no diminishing in populace. This move is centered primarily around keeping up fishery numbers while improving fisherman fulfillment and investment. Strategy: I have led individual meetings, looked into various articles online,â and made an online study so as to help my approach. My initial step was conversing with a couple of outsiders at the pontoon dispatch who every now and again fish for snapper. The inquiries I posed mostly centered around the current subject, all the more explicitly in the event that they concur with the shorter season. While posing inquiries by and by to peer fishermen I found that 9/10 individuals didn't angle for snapper this year in light of the vigorously managed and abbreviated season. Generally set out in would like to get snapper at any rate twice in a season, yet with this multi day season most couldn’t because of planning and time limitations. Many might likewise want to see an update of the guideline totally. (Pontoon Launch) I at that point made an online review that I scattered by means of Facebook and had various arbitrary people answer the current inquiries in regards to this issue. So as to be certain that my information wasn’t slanted or contorted I asked that solitary people who were authorized recreational fishers take my review. Of the 20 that took my online overview more than 16 really seek after snapper and of those people every one of them can't help contradicting the decision of the governmentally directed 9-day season. (Tompkins) Likewise while looking for related articles on the web, I found various destinations with different articles of sicken on the issue, numerous reports of upset fishermen, and discussions loaded up with questions asking â€Å"why†, the gathering made this demonstration. (Inlet) Shutting: I might want to state that the Gulf of Mexico Fisheries Management Council does a lot to secure our waters and such swims in it. We, as angler, welcome each exertion that the chamber advances so as to keep up and direct the side interests and ways of life that make us what our identity is! In spite of the fact that we comprehend certain strategies and acts, this one, specifically, doesn't appear to propel any objectives set out by the gathering and the networks that it speaks to. This proposition intends to reexamine that past demonstrations set towards the red snapper fishery, or to accommodate theâ change all together. As I do comprehend that this will set aside effort to make these alterations I will do my part and give whatever important to make activities towards this. Much thanks to you for your thought of my proposition. In the event that you have any inquiries please don't hesitate to get in touch with me by means of phone at Works Cited Overview: . â€Å"Red Snapper Season 2014.† SurveyMonkey.com. June 18, 2014 In Text: (Tompkins) Meetings: â€Å"Boat Launch†. Greenough, C. Watson, James. Thompson, Paul. Individual meeting. June 21, 2014 In Text: (Boat Launch) meet: â€Å"Red Snapper†. Gleeson, Dr. L. Individual Interview. June 24,2014 In Text: (Red Snapper) Site: â€Å"Gulf Recreational Red snapper season diminished to 9 days.† AL.COM. Web. May 14, 2014. http://www.al.com/sports/index.ssf/2014/05/gulf_recreational_red_snapper.html In Text: (Gulf)

Innovation 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Advancement 2 - Essay Example Considering all the methodologies introduced in this writing survey relating to the value of client information in characterizing the Key Performance Indicators for any association, it tends to be appropriately expressed that in contemporary time the dependence upon shut advancement process has gotten sufficient and therefore is old, on account of the significant necessities of this procedure which can not be satisfied in the contemporary time of expanded globalization. In this way, joining of the open development process isn't just basic yet additionally important so as to succeed and advance. Inside this procedure, clients assume a huge job on each progression of the item advancement process, and their huge commitment couldn't be overlooked, since they are the end clients in this way the usage of their insight could spell accomplishment for the firm in the event that it is dealt with properly. This paper makes an end that with this the KPIs of the association must be rebuilt into progressively subjective instruments so as to represent distinctive mind boggling and complex wellsprings of information base. When these are appropriately rebuilt and assessed it leaves the association with the predicament of fathoming the issue of lost licensed innovation, along these lines suggesting that the outside-in strategy for open advancement ought to be utilized and outer sources ought to be utilized for commercialization once the thought has been authorized, so as to guarantee insurance of Intellectual Property and furthermore adequacy in showcasing.

Wednesday, July 8, 2020

Law School Admissions Researching Law Schools Part II

It’s a funny thing – law schools are pretty much all the same, but they think of themselves so differently. All 1L students (pretty much) take the same courses: contracts, torts, civil procedure, constitutional law, property, and criminal law. Almost all law school students graduate with debt. All law schools produce a similar variety of lawyers – lawyers at firms, in-house counsels, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and a smattering of other positions. But law schools, importantly, see themselves quite differently. If you go to Stanford Law’s homepage, it is all about intellectual property, technology law, and copyright. If you go to Yale’s, it is more about appellate litigation, clerkships, the judiciary, and academia. Georgetown has a humanities track for 1Ls. Berkeley and NYU have a history of activist lawyering and work in criminal justice. UVA was very involved with school desegregation. UCLA and USC emphasize their well-established ties with the entertainment industry. So, while there are pronounced differences, they are ultimately more similar than different. That said, when writing your essays for each school, you need to emphasize that you understand these differences. Law schools like to think they are all very different, and the more you can tap into that self-conception, the better. Furthermore, they like to see that you’ve done your homework. All things equal, whom do they want? The applicant who really seems to want to go, as evidenced by their tremendous research into the school’s offerings, or the applicant who didn’t care as much? This research process is even more important once you have offers in hand. Then you really want to know what each school has to offer. Doing this work on the front end can help make fielding offers much easier on the backend. When researching law schools, here are some things you want to consider. I suggest keeping a careful spreadsheet with all of this information – it can be easy to forget when you don’t keep track, and you don’t have to have to repeat work. Some things to think about on round two include: The homepage Like I mentioned above, how does this school present itself? What they emphasize online can be a good indication of the school’s vibe and priorities. Student faculty ratio The smaller the better Faculty What faculty really seem to be doing work that matters to you? Any research projects that you might want to assist on? Course offerings What looks unique and how do these offering match your interests? Some more niche legal areas include Art law Technology and the law Healthcare law Intellectual property Maritime law Private international law Regulatory law Student journals and law reviews Any that particularly appeal to you? Available clinics Extra-curricular activities Moot court and mock trial opportunities Employment opportunities How well does this school do with the jobs you are most interested in, including, Big law Clerkships Academic job placement Federal or local government placement Alumni Who inspires you? Who has followed a career trajectory you would be excited to pursue? Special tracks or programs For example, UCLA has a special public service track, and Georgetown has a night-law and part-time option. On-campus experience/facilities Do most students live on campus? Local shared houses? Traditions/culture Scavenger hunts? Campus runs? Finals traditions? Regional versus national reputation Some law schools are more regional, training all sorts of lawyers for one geographic area. Some are more national, producing lawyers that spread out all over the country. The general rule is that the T20ish schools are more national; lower ranked schools tend to be more local. This isn’t always the case though (especially for schools in California) so it is an important research area depending on your goals. What kind of aid do they offer? Harvard, Yale, and Stanford only offer need based financial aid. Other law schools have a host of merit scholarships, some that can even reach the full ride level. Careful research about what kind of scholarship opportunities, and when you have to apply for them. Reputation from your network Talk to people who graduated from the school! This can often be the best source of information. But remember to take everything with a grain of salt, especially extreme opinions. At this stage, there’s no such thing as too much research. When you are thinking about your essay, pick 2-3 of the things that stuck out the most to you when researching, and talk about why the matter to you, excite you, and attract you that school. When weighing your eventual options, look more collectively at all the data you’ve gathered to determine the best fit. Read part 1 of Jimmy's series here. Whether you’re just beginning on this race, or whether you just need a final push to get you over the finish line, your tutor will design a customized road map that will take you through every aspect of the application process, covering LSAT preparation, recommendations, the personal statement, addenda, and anything else that you need. Applicants who follow our structured approach find that they are less stressed out and more successful. ; Applying to law school in 2019-20? Check out some other helpful blog posts from Jimmy below! Law School Admissions: Drafting the personal statement Law School Admissions: Deciding whether to retake the LSAT Law School Admissions: Deciding on the diversity statement

Thursday, July 2, 2020

Analysis of Meyers Book Entitled Literature to Go - 1100 Words

Critical Analysis of Meyer's Book Entitled 'Literature to go' (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Instructor:Course:Date:Critical Analysis of The American Beauty  MovieThe "American Beauty" movie is one of the outstanding films written and directed by Alan Ball and Sam Mendes respectively way back in the 2000. The movie is all about a main character known as Lester Burnham. This is a mere character that seems to be in a constant search for happiness. He is an ordinary man who falls at the age group of forties. Lester Burnham is trapped in a loveless matrimony due to the fact that Carolyn Burnham, his wife, is marred with the ultimate thoughts that the most essential thing in life is success. She thus neglects him because of her absolute obsession towards her career. Here, Lester mentions often that Carolyn does not acknowledge him at all. On the other hand, his daughter known as Jane Burnham tends to elicit an emotional distance from him, and is fond of claiming that Lester was pathetic and wretched in nature. At the start of the movie, Lester was initiall y informed on the higher probability of losing his occupation. All these negative factors culminate dramatically into the ultimate feelings of vulnerability and desperation for him. Transformation and changes begins to be witnessed at the time when he was introduced to Angela Hayes, the daughter's friend. Lester overheard a chat between Angela and Jane, whereby Angela asserts that she can have sexual intimacy with him only if he begins building up and working-out his body. The ultimate thought of the teenage girl terming Lester as being "hot", excites him to a greater extent thus bringing out Lester's significant transformation throughout the film (Streisand Barbra, 76).The first analysis is on the scene whereby Lester initially spots Angela. It is a moment when Carolyn and Lester had decided offer greater support to Jane at school whereby she was involved in a dancing performance. The scene is more significant since it depicts how Lester starts rebelling against his usual nature, primarily due to Angela's sexuality. This scene kick starts at the moment when Carolyn and Lester arrive at the pitch right before their daughters performance. As the entire performance begun, Angela is almost immediately accorded an upward position within the camera framework. By giving her an essentially upward position in the frame, there is thus a suggestion that she is eventually noticed by Lester. Angela thus gets Lesters attention as the entire scene continues.The second analyzed scene is the one occurring towards the endpoint of the movie when Lester's dreams and fantasies are almost becoming a reality. The scene is essential due to the fact that it depicts the second turning point of events that essentially transforms Lester once again. The only variation is that this time round he transforms back to his original nature marred with the ultimate realization of the meaning of happiness.The onset of the scene is characterized with the perspective whereby Lester moves closer to wards Angela Hayes who is eventually lying down on a couch. Here, the camera pans towards the right position then down while following Lesters actions. It actually builds up suspense towards what might occur next. The downward movement tends to imply a rather negative action. The negative act in this case is that of Lester's sexual propensity towards a teenager. The downward movement also implies that something was lost; in this ultimate case being the loss of Angelas virginity.The next significant shot is that of Angelas appearance at an angle of 45 degrees within the frame. It is regarded as the Dutch-angle shot whereby a camera is essentially is tilted from the normal vertical and horizontal position. The Dutch-angle emphasizes on the unusual nature of the frames actions (Malone Peter et.al, 87). For this case, it exemplifies Angelas unnatural reaction due to the perspective of almost having a first sexual experience. As the entire scene progresses, the camera significantly pans from right to left and left to right because of Lester's hands going up and down the Angela's body. It actually intensifies greater erotic feeling within the scene.In the other shot, the camera is moved towards a vibrant crane shot that shows Lester's hands unfastening Angela's shirt. A crane shot refers to a shot obtained from an ultimate camera that is mounted onto the elevating arm. This shot is thus followed by what is regarded as a shot-reverse shot involving Lester and Angela looking at each other (Malone Peter et.al, 91). Angela was essentially given a lower angle shot while looking up towards Lester in this scene. The low-angle shot typically places an observer at the realm of a helpless feeling in presence of a more superior force. In short, it gives greater emphasis on the aspects of anxiety, vulnerability, and fear. On the other hand, the aspect of Angela looking up towards Lester implies on the heights of Lesters control. However, Angela's position within the ultimate frame seems to ...

Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Oil Disasters And The Negative Impact On The World And Its...

Morgan T. Bishop J. Lindberg English 1102 19 March 2015 Oil Disasters and the Negative Impact to the World and Its Inhabitants Oil is considered to be a vital resource in the world today. Such material is used for a variety of reasons, ranging from the gas used in automobiles to the generation of electricity in one’s household. According to Congressional Digest, forty percent of the Nation’s energy comes from oil (Effects of Oil Spills on Wildlife 168). One problem that arises with the world being so dependent on this substance is oil moving through pipelines from one country to another. This problem has made the spilling of oil rather unavoidable. These spills are dangerous, for they jeopardize the well-being of innocent wildlife, our†¦show more content†¦Animals that breathe under water, or eat food that live and grow beneath the water, can suffer from health issues caused by the inhalation of this toxic substance, potentially damaging internal organs. Liver damage, fin erosion, a change in heart rate, and death are all potential health complications that oil can cause for these inno cent creatures. As for the mammals that live in the ocean, this substance is just as harmful. Although mammals do not breathe or inhale the oil under water, the oil is still life threatening to them. As the harmful elements of the oil begin to settle into the depths of the water, it is likely to settle on and sink into the skin and fur of these animals. This is dangerous because it irritates the skin leaving open wounds, which can eventually cause infection and become life altering to these creatures (Effects of Oils Spills on Wildlife 170). The oil is also threatening to mammals as they consume their food. If their prey has been contaminated by oil, the animal is then digesting the oil which can cause immune system damage, organ damage, and possibly result in fatality. The death of these animals in essence causes problems for the remainder of the animals that survive, such as a lack of food and a lower reproduction rate. The ecosystem is also greatly affected by oil spills. On

Analysis Of The Documentary The Plague - 1558 Words

Kishan Desai HIST 101-001 Winter 2017 The Plague The Plague Documentary Review The documentary focused on the black plague. The plague was a deadly bacterial disease which devastated Middle Age society. The documentary showed how the disease originated, how it spread, and the effects of it on society then and after. The plague started in the east with the Mongols and moved to west through trade with the Europeans. It then spread through fleas on rats on merchant ships in Europe. The disease had beginning symptoms of just fever, chills, and high temperature like the flu today then it escalated to buboes which are large swelling colored whelps on the body. The people started to spread the plague easily because of the disease’s highly†¦show more content†¦The video was not formatted very well which made it very hard to follow. The names of some of the scholars were cut off. The quality of twenty five percent of the documentary was horrible because of very high pixilation which made it almost unwatchable. The documentar y was also hurt by the repetitive scenes it kept replaying when there was someone speaking. The documentary appealed to logic when the pope at the beginning of the film had full-fledged trust in God to make sure the plague did not affect him. The pope at the time was a higher power than kings at the time. He slowly as more people started to die started to lose trust. He started to listen to his personal surgeon and at one point was in his palace with fires all around him to protect him from the plague. He eventually would flee to his country side estate much like the rest of the nobility. They slowly tried to convince you that if even the pope is starting to question God, then imagine the people fright. The documentary appealed to emotion when it showed King Edward the Third’s daughter happy about her marriage. She was portrayed as a beautiful, happy princess set to be married and was vacationing on her way to meet your fiancà ©e. She was the most heavily guarded woman in al l of Europe. The plague killed her before she met her fiancà ©e. The filmmakers did a good job of convincing the audience that even armies could not stop the wrath of the plague. The documentary appealed to prejudice whenShow MoreRelatedSusan Sontag, Illness As Metaphor, And AIDS And Its Metaphor1128 Words   |  5 Pagesto date, AIDS, a real modern-day plague. However, when analyzing the terminology and metaphors discussed during the AIDS epidemic, many academic scholars such as Susan Sontag view the conversation around AIDS as a plague as counterproductive. This view is clear when reading Sontag’s essay, Illness as Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphor, where a reader can interpret that nations failings while handling the epidemic was caused by a negative perception of the word plague. Although, Sontag is correct inRead MoreComedy : Blood Demons Will Come And Take Our Children1026 Words   |  5 Pagesbe tackled in comedic ways. In this analysis, I will consider The Comedia ns of Comedy (Michael Blieden, 2005) and argue that through the recording of events as they occur, interviews, and problem solving, the documentary uses humor to promote liberal politics while identifying social problems plaguing the United States. The recording of events as they occur is a method of presentation used primarily to capture the leftist comedy of Patton Oswalt. The documentary opens with Patton performing his setRead MoreMovie Analysis: American History X1349 Words   |  6 PagesI decided to analyze for this course was American History X (1998), which stars Edward Norton. Though this movie isn’t widely known, it is one of the more interesting movies I have seen. It’s probably one of the best films that depict the Neo Nazi plague on American culture. The film takes place from the mid to late 1990’s during the Internet boom, and touches on subjects from affirmative action to Rodney King. One of the highlights of this movie that really relates to one of the key aspects of thisRead MoreThe Film Of The Cage Directed By Coco Fusco And Paula Heredia1955 Words   |  8 PagesThe documentary The Couple in the Cage directed by Coco Fusco and Paula Heredia consists of a video record about performance art in 1990s and a 1930s Hollywood film. In the video record, two performance artists dress up as indigenous from Gulf of Mexico and are declared by the guide that they cannot speak English (CIC). They come to some cities such as Chicago, Washington D.C., Minneapolis, New York City in U.S., Madrid in Sydney and Sydney in Australia (CIC), and they are put themselves in a bigRead MoreAnti Semitism On France Before, During And Post Dreyfus Affair2837 Words   |  12 Pagesstuck to their religious roots and have not given up on their culture or their beliefs in spite of risking violence and hatred from many cultures that they live amongst. In France especially, the history of anti-semitism stems back from the Black Plague of Europe and rose and fell depending of the emotional standing of the people of the country and different times. This paper will discuss the history of this anti-semitism in france, the historical events that caused much strife for the jewish peopleRead MoreRecoveri ng The Indigenous Past : The Mandan People Who Lived And Still Breathe At The Heart Of The World1866 Words   |  8 Pagesthe U.S. Corps of Discovery in 1804. In particular, Fenn consciously keeps the narrative on these two individuals rather than their Euro-American counterparts, specifically how Chief Good Boy took the â€Å"lead in forging order from [the] chaos† of the plague, and how Sheheke-shote negotiated with Lewis and Clark and accompanied them back to Washington DC, where he met with Thomas Jefferson (p. 165). It is here that Fenn again reveals a knack for not falling into the proverbial trap of resorting to theRead MoreCrimes and Misdemeanors2572 Words   |  11 Pagesverbally involves the use of eyes to symbolize our perceptions on how we see the world, and how people do not see themselves and events the way others may see it. Although there are several elements, characters, and events worthy of an individual analysis, this paper will concentrate on how Alle n s film represents eyes to unveil hidden truths. To illustrate the use of eyes in this film I will investigate its role in the lives of Judah, Cliff, and Rabbi Ben. Keep in mind that all four of theseRead MoreBrazil: Environmental Problems and Solutions.2094 Words   |  9 PagesBrazil, they cut down vast swaths of forest to clear land and plant the crops they would need to survive in their new land (Rich, 1999). This practice has continued over the years in various incarnations, but as a rate that is unchecked. In the documentary film Carboneiros, filmmakers expose the devastation inflicted on Brazils hardwood forests by peasants who burn down the trees in order to sell charcoal for a living. Carboneiros deftly portrays the dilemma that characterizes almost all of BrazilsRead MoreHealthcare Reform: A Look at the Kaiser Permanente Model2478 Words   |  10 Pagesgone to a national system has never gone back. Looking at our GDP in comparison to other countries that have nationa lized healthcare can paint a fairly clear picture of this. The figures of percent of GDP on healthcare expenditure presented by documentary film correspondent on healthcare issues and reporter, Thomas R. Reid, in his book The Healing of America (2005) are as follows: USA 15.3%, Switzerland 11.6%, France 11.1%, Canada 9.8%, Sweden 9.1%, UK 8.3%, and Taiwan 6.2%. In all of these countriesRead MoreThe Innocence Project3514 Words   |  15 Pagesthrough these cases from global problems like poverty and racial issues to criminal justice issues like eyewitness misidentification, invalid or improper forensic science, false confessions and Government Misconduct cannot be ignored and continue to plague their criminal justice system . * Eyewitness misidentification: Is the single greatest cause of wrongful convictions nationwide, playing a role in more than 75% of convictions overturned through DNA testing .While eyewitness testimony can be

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Summary Of Uncle Tom s Cabin - 2027 Words

Justin Hanna 8/18/15 US History-Block E Chapter 4.1-4.4 Notes Section 4.1 Describe the meaning of secession. Secession, specifically Southern Secession, is when a state breaks off from the Union to form its own system of government with rules of its own. What is the significance of popular sovereignty? Popular sovereignty allowed each state to vote for whether or not slavery should be allowed in that state. This was the government’s attempt to satisfy both the North and the South. What is the Underground Railroad? The Underground Railroad was a secret â€Å"railroad system† created by abolitionists to hide runaway slaves. Who is Harriet Tubman and what is her significance? Harriet Tubman was a famous â€Å"conductor† of the Underground Railroad. She travelled back to the south 19 times and helped around 300 slaves, two of them being her own parents. Who is Harriet Beecher Stowe? Harriet Beecher Stowe was an anti-slavery author who wrote and published the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin to try to convince people that slavery is not only politically controversial, but morally straining. What made Franklin Pierce significant? Franklin Pierce was a Democratic candidate who won thanks to the harsh fall of the Southern Whig vote. Who is Dred Scott? Dred Scott was a slave who tried to get his freedom by appealing to the Supreme Court on the grounds that living in a free territory granted him his freedom. He was denied his freedom because slaves were considered property and property wasShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Uncle Tom s Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe1400 Words   |  6 PagesHarriet Beecher Stowe, the author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin; this novel poignantly explores the realities of slavery. Eliza’s Flight: A Scene from Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a cover of sheet music, foreshadows the imminent abolishment of slavery and encourages abolitionists to continue supporting the cause. The image sends the message of positivity and persistence to slaves and freedmen; it simultaneously appeals to Northern viewers through its use of emotion. Uncle Tom’s Cabin captured the horrors of war so effectivelyRead MoreSummary Of Harriet Beecher Stowe s Uncle Tom s Cabin 1124 Words   |  5 Pagesbranded, beat and imprisoned. Slavery was a dehumanizing act brought forth by many Americans in the North and South. One of the greatest authors of all time was a â€Å"little lady who caused the great war† with her best-selling anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Harriet Beecher Stowe changed the world with her powerful words and outstanding novels that shaped society today. The words quoted are known to come from President Abraham Lincoln when he met Stowe. Harriet Elisabeth Stowe was born a BeecherRead MoreUncle Tom s Cabin By Chapter Summary And Arrangement Of The Book1024 Words   |  5 PagesBrief Summary and Arrangement of the Book: The book Uncle Tom’s Cabin is about slavery in the South. The book follows Eliza, a mother living in Kentucky with the Shelbys. Eliza loved them as if they were her parents, but they fell into debt and Mr. Shelby had to sell two of his slaves: Eliza’s son and Uncle Tom. Eliza fearing for the life of her child fled to Canada. Part of the book focuses on her journey to Canada; being chased by slave catchers, and reuniting with her lost husband. The otherRead MoreUncle Toms Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe1144 Words   |  5 PagesUncle Tom’s Cabin has been explained as being a history of harmful acts towards Blacks in America for a period of a hundred and thirty years (Stowe, â€Å"Nineteenth†). 51).The book Uncle Tom’s Cabin was one of History’s favorite book s (Stowe, â€Å"Nineteenth† 1). It talks about how Tom would do anything for the white man (Stowe, Uncle 1). The southerners did not give Harriet Beecher Stowe and credit for writing the book (Piacentino 1). Uncle Tom showed a lot of Christianity in this book, but the masterRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel Uncle Tom s Cabin 1345 Words   |  6 Pagesin their treatment of race, notably, Huckleberry Finn.† (Annette Gordon-Reed). I believe that Stowe’s novel was taken seriously as a woman’s novel. Uncle Tom’s Cabin was very influential in that time period, and still is today. The novel is commonly noted as a big influence that began the Civil War, and people still refer to it today. Uncle Tom’s Cabin is used very commonly today as a reference to slavery and the time period, and in many literature courses throughout high school and college. It isRead MoreSlavery in American Literature1590 Words   |  7 Pagesissue. Harriet Beecher Stowe The most important ante-bellum (pre-War work)was Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin (1852). Stowe was virtually unknown when she wrote the book. She was influenced by the experience s of two teenage Maryland slave girls, Emily and Mary Edmonson, who were rescued from being sold as fancy girls to New Orleans bordellos. The story of Eliza , Topsy, Uncle Tom, and Simon Legree electrified northern readers and theater goers, affecting northern attitudes toward slaveryRead MoreHarriet Beecher Stowe Essay1882 Words   |  8 PagesBiographical Summary Uncle Toms Cabin, written by Harriet Elizabeth Beecher Stowe in 1852, made her the most widely known American woman writer of the 19th century. She was a housewife with six children, who opposed slavery with a passion. With the advice of her sister-in-law she decided to write this novel. Harriet or nicknamed â€Å"Hattie† Beecher was born on June 14, 1811 in Litchfield, Connecticut. She was the sixth out of eleven children and was born into a family of powerful and demandingRead MoreThe Influence of the 1850s in Uncle Toms Cabin2754 Words   |  12 PagesThe Influence of the 1850s in Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin Despite heartbreaking family separations and struggles for antislavery Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) erupted into one of the greatest triumphs recorded in literary history (Downs 228), inspiring plays, pictures, poems, songs, souvenirs, and statues (Claybaugh 519). As Uncle Toms Cabin was being published in the National Era newspaper in forty weekly installments (x), it was received by southerners asRead MoreAfrican American Theater Essays1964 Words   |  8 PagesAfrican-Americans to express the deep pain that the white population placed in front of them. Singing, dancing and acting took many African-Americans to a place that no oppressor could reach; considering the exploitation of their character during the 1930s-1960s ‘acting was an essential technique to African American survival. Although the black performing arts population had to take the road of survival to gain self satisfaction in the theaterRead MorePricing And Profit Condition : Consumers Bias And The Influence Of The Dealer Costs On Retailers1666 Words   |  7 Pagesconsumers of China do not trust e-commercial retailers since e-commerce market still has a rather shorter history in China. Most researchers found out that prices of most Dotcoms retailers’ products are lower than that of MCRs retailers’ products. 2.3 Summary of this chapter This part takes advantages of game theory and relevant theories of information economics to enlarge the Hotelling model; meanwhile, it conducts modeling analysis by referring to price competition issue between Dotcoms and MCRs. Through

Stem Cell Use and Research Essay - 590 Words

a. Stem cells are a very unique and useful medical advancement. The basic idea of a stem cell is: A cell that is able to differentiate into a specialized cell type. These are different from other cells, because each organ and body system has unique cells for their functions (Like how blood has red and white blood cells, while muscles have cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle cells). Stem cell aren’t specialized for any function or organ yet, but are able to differentiate into a unique cell type when needed. b. Furthermore, stem cells come from two main sources: Embryo, and Adult tissues. Adult stem cells are found in the body after embryonic development. they lie dormant or unable to divide until activated by an injury or disease. They†¦show more content†¦c. Diseases that benefit from the use of stem cells: Cancer, down syndrome, alzheimers, and possibly sickle cell disease. Diseases that can be treated by the use of stem cells: some forms of cancer, type 1 diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis, and even rheumatoid arthritis. d. There are a lot of moral and ethical issues raised when using stem cells. When harvesting embryonic stem cells scientist destroy the blastocyst before it can develop into a person. People also believe harvesting stem cells from an embryo is like murder, or abortion. Another issue people have is the creation of chimeras: an organism with both human and animal cells and tissues. Stem cell research sometimes require injecting human stem cells in animals or vise versa. Some people are against the creation of an organism that is â€Å"part human† or a human that is â€Å"part animal†. Embryo stem cell harvesting has been made illegal in most european countries. In the U.S. it is illegal for the government to fund the research of stem cell lines that were created after August 2001. e. Positive effects of stem cell research are treatments of cell diseases, the ability to generate specific organs when needed. Also the ability to generate more cells to organs where cells can’t necessarily divide. Negative effects are ethically based like the fact that the use of embryonic stem cells require harvesting and destroying human embryos. Another is the idea that stem cellShow MoreRelatedEmbryonic Stem Cell Research And Current Use1769 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscussion in this report is ESCR (embryonic stem cell research) and current use. This issue causes controversial concerns because the first isolation of the embryo was in 1998, which is still very recent and the policies around it are grey areas. Many countries including the United States of America have removed funding because of issues that have risen due to religious, ethical and legal formalities. Some of the benefits that ESC (embryonic stem cells) promise are the cure for many diseases andRead More Foolis h to Ban the Use of Stem Cells in Research Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesFoolish to Ban the Use of Stem Cells in Research      Ã‚   Over the last century, humanity has created an impressive biological technology.   We have crafted an arsenal of vaccines and antibiotics to defend ourselves from the microscopic world of bacteria and viruses.  Ã‚   We have developed the means to diagnose genetic problems, and we are developing means to treat them.   We have developed a huge number of synthetic substances to enhance human performance, and later human behavior.   We have geneticallyRead MoreControversy Surrounding Research And Therapeutic Use Of Stem Cell Technology831 Words   |  4 Pages Controversy surrounding research and therapeutic use of stem cells has been a contentious and socially polarizing matter for a few decades. Arguments lie largely between the scientific community and the general public, although intragroup disagreements also persist today. These disparate views for and against stem cells arise out of the bioethical implications of an inchoate innovation, the general publicâ⠂¬â„¢s tenuous understanding of the underlying technology itself, and sociopolitical ideologiesRead MoreStem Cells And The Ethics Behind Their Use1606 Words   |  7 PagesStem Cells and the Ethics behind their Use Stem cells have the capability to become any type of cell. This process is possible because they are unspecialized and can divide to create new cells through cell division. Stem cells have the ability to become skin cells as well as organ cells (Stem Cell Information, 2015). There are two different types of stem cells which can be used in various ways. The first of the two is the embryonic stem cell which is found inside the embryo within its first few daysRead More Stem Cell Research Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesStem Cell Research What is a Stem Cell? Stems cells are immature cells found in embryos that can develop into any kind of specialized cells. They can form virtually any cell of the human body. These types of stem cells are known as pluripotent cells. Multipotent cells are stem cells that are more mature; they can be found in adults and children. Multipotent cells are not as flexible as pluripotent cells, as they have already developed into more specialized human cells. Benefits of StemRead MoreThe Debate Of Stem Cell Research1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Stem Cell Debate In 1998, President Bill Clinton issued a National Bioethics Advisory Commission to begin to study the question of stem cell research (Stem Cells Fast Facts). Since then many advances have been made and stem cells have been used to aid in the alleviation of several medical conditions such as macular degeneration, bone marrow deficiencies, and growing new sheets of new skin for burn victims (Hug). Even though there is much stigma surrounding stem cell research, the medicalRead MoreStem Cell Research : Ethics, Cloning And Curing The Disease1220 Words   |  5 Pages Research Paper Outline Stem Cell Research - Ethics, Cloning and Curing the Disease Introduction According to former Speaker of the House, John Boehner, †Stem cell research must be carried out in an ethical manner in a way that respects the sanctity of human life.† In recent events, stem cell research has caught the attention of the nation and stirred up controversy about the research and ethics along with it. Ethically, stem cell research has caught more attention than the research behindRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cells1144 Words   |  5 Pagesadvance each day, the use of stem cells, in regards to research, is becoming extraordinarily prevalent. I believe that the use of stem cells is unethical to a certain extent. Stem cells are cells that are able to renew themselves as well as the ability to generate specialized cells. Scientists refer to these tiny, magnificent cells as stem cells because many different types of cells can stem from them. Stem cells have the ability to develop into other cell types that mature into cells that have specializedRead MoreIs Stem Cell Research Ethical?1252 Words   |  6 Pages Is Stem Cell Research Ethical? The question that has been asked so many times, is stem cell research ethical? To argue ethics over this topic, one must first know what a stem cell is.Stem Cells are â€Å"cells with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells† (Stem Cell Basics: Introduction). The National Institutes of Health say that stem cells are distinguished for two different reasons. The first is â€Å"they are unspecialized cells capable of renewingRead MoreStem Cell Research Debate1119 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Stem Cell Research Debate There are only a small number of issues that are controversial as far as the public, the government and scientists are concerned. The father of all issues, however, is the debate that revolves around the ethics of stem cell research. Stem cells can be defined as those cells in an embryo that essentially give rise to the entire organism (Capra, 1999). In the contemporary world of today, the issue of embryonic stem cell research is one of this controversial significant

The Benefits of Skin to Skin Contact for Momabd Baby free essay sample

Introduction Kangaroo care is defined as the way of â€Å"holding a preterm or full term infant so that there is skin-to-skin contact between the infant and the person holding it. The baby, wearing only a diaper, is held against the parent’s bare chest. Kangaroo Care (also Kangaroo Maternal [Mother] Care or Skin-to-Skin Contact and Breastfeeding) is a method used to restore the unique mother-infant. Mothers are more likely to be able to practice skin to skin contact or kangaroo care following a vaginal delivery versus a cesarean which is seen as a medical procedure and not a delivery. Infants born to mothers via cesarean are usually whisked away to a nursery and are separated from their mother for as long as two hours. Infants most alert period is the first one to two hours after delivery and most babies born via cesarean spend this time in the nursery away from their mothers and once they are reunited with their mothers they are now in a deeper sleep state and tend to not breastfeed as well as babies that are born vaginally and allowed skin to skin contact immediately. We will write a custom essay sample on The Benefits of Skin to Skin Contact for Momabd Baby or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This paper focuses on the need to change the way we take care of mothers and infants that give birth via cesarean and allow them the same bonding experience as mothers that give birth to their infants vaginally. Step 1: Assess the Need for Change in Practice The best way to promote change in a healthcare facility is to show how it will benefit the patients and improve the way they view the hospital. Currently during a caesarian section the newborn, immediately after delivery, is handed to the nurses and evaluated and assessed. The mother continues to get treatment as a surgical patient and the time frame of newborn to mother contact can be as long as 40 minutes. Nurses should look into the benefits to both mother and baby in regards to their health when  they receive time to do skin to skin contact in the operating room (OR). Evaluate what potential obstacles could hinder the surgical procedure by doing skin to skin contact and come up with potential solutions so that skin to skin contact in the OR does not interfere with the surgical procedure. The PICOT question: P- newborn babies, I- Delayed time in parent/ person skin to skin time after birth, C- Encourage skin to skin time sooner after birth with parent/person, O- Encourage bonding, stabilize newborns heartbeat, temperature, and breathing. T- Within 6 months. Step 2: Link the Problem, Interventions, and Outcomes The problem with the delay in skin to skin contact is that for many years physicians have performed Cesarean sections in a certain way and therefore it becomes difficult when changing the way they practice this procedure. Hospital procedures are written and followed for many years and physicians can be very reluctant to change the way they practice. The first step is to show both the OB and Pediatric doctors the benefits to mother and baby skin to skin time. Some of these benefits include: stabilize the infant’s heartbeat (especially if they are preterm), temperature, and breathing. Researchers also have found that mothers who use kangaroo care often have more success with breastfeeding and also improve their milk supply. Further, researchers have found that infants who experience kangaroo care have longer periods of sleep, gain more weight, decrease their crying, have longer periods of alertness, and earlier hospital discharge (Kangaroo Care, 2010). The benefits to mom are â€Å"enhanced maternal-infant attachment bonding increased maternal self-confidence, increased maternal affectionate behavior, enhanced relaxation and experience less anxiety, less breast engorgement, and more rapid involution (uterus returning to pre-pregnant size)† (Kangaroo Care, 2010). These benefits could be shown to the physicians and nurses during their monthly meetings and also how improving a mother’s birth experience could raise hospital scores which can improve reimbursement rates in the future. Also showing the nurses and physicians that they can continue to do their jobs without the skin to skin contact causing major disruptions there is a better possibility for change. A protocol could be devised and  discussed in staff meetings, then possibly have a â€Å"mock cesarean surgery† to show how it would work if the protocol was to be implemented. This allows the nurses and doctors a way to see it in action, see how it would impact their job duties, while also coming up with other interventions if needed. Step 3: Synthesize the Best Evidence Research has been done to assist in proving the importance of skin to skin contact of mother/ person and newborn. 1) One study talked about the effectiveness of skin-to-skin contact (SSC) after vaginal delivery, but had concerns after a cesarean section (Gouchon, 2010). It explained that after cesarean births, SSC is not done for practical and medical safety reasons because it is believed that infants may suffer mild hypothermia. The aim of this study was to compare mothers and newborns temperatures after cesarean delivery when SSC was practiced (naked baby except for a small diaper, covered with a blanket, prone on the mothers chest) with those when routine care was practiced (dressed, in the bassinet or in the mothers bed) in the 2 hours beginning when the mother returned from the operating room. Temporal temperatures were taken on the newborns with a thermometer at half-hour intervals. Results of the study showed that newborns who received routine care versus SSC cesarean-delivered, were not at risk for hypothermia due to both groups having almost identical temperatures. The average time from delivery to the mothers return to their room was 51 min. The SSC newborns attached to the breast earlier and the SSC mothers expressed high levels of satisfaction with the intervention† (Gouchon, 2010). This study showed that the skin to skin contact for the infants born via cesarean does not have a potential risk for hyperthermia, which was one of the theories that most doctors use as to why they feel skin to skin contact should not be allowed while mother was still in the OR. 2). This next study found that little to no SSC during the first two hours after birth is associated with less infant self-regulation, and decreased maternal sensitivity and attachment that is not made up for by rooming-in. Although research suggests that early SSC is key to successful initiation of breastfeeding, it is rarely use immediately after a healthy cesarean birth. â€Å"Nurses can be leaders in changing practice to incorporate early SSC into regular cesarean care for mothers and infants by ensuring that the routine care after cesarean births is family-centered  and research-based† (Berg, 2011). This research shows how nurses need to advocate for their patients and show how skin to skin contact early on even while still in the OR, can have long term positive effects for both mothers and babies This can make such a positive difference on a mother’s birth experience which can impact the way a hospital is viewed in the community 3). Another study pointed out that if a mother is unable to do skin to skin contact with the infant after cesarean, then the father can do the kangaroo care and still have positive effects on the infant. The goal of this study was to show the benefits of skin-to-skin contact with a newborn during the first 2 hours after birth, even if it was form the father. Twenty-nine father-infant pairs partook in a randomized controlled trial, in which infants were randomly selected to be either in the skin-to-skin contact group with their father or the standard care group. The data was collected from both groups by naturalistic observations that looked at the infants behavioral response that was recorded every 15 minutes and was given a score in the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). This research information is helpful because it shows that even skin to skin contact from the father can positively impact the newborn. SSC helps to calm the infant and facilitate a drowsy state for the infant sooner than the infants that received the standard care (Erlandsson, 2007). This information can be used to show that if a mother is unable to do SSC, the father can take over the role. This can be written into the protocol so that even cesarean under general anesthesia are still allowed to provide the best care to their newborn which is skin to skin care. Step 4: Design Practice Change Hospital policies need to be re-evaluated anytime there is evidence based research that supports change in the way healthcare is practiced. Taking babies away from the mother after cesarean birth is a long held practice and now research shows that this is not beneficial to mother or baby. Showing that even a father providing SSC can benefit the child it a huge step. Nurses need to be the ones to advocate for their patients and show the research to the physicians as well as hospital administration in order to get the ball rolling and change the way we care for cesarean mothers and infants. Step 5: Implement and Evaluate the Change in Practice Policy reviewed by a committee and re-written so that skin to skin contact between mother and infant or father and infant is allowed immediately after cesarean in the OR unless there is a life threatening issue to mom or baby which would override the skin to skin contact. Providing in-services to inform staff and physicians to the policy change and the benefits that skin to skin contact has for mothers and infants. Keep a log of cesarean deliveries, whether skin to skin contact was implemented, at what point in the delivery was the skin to skin contact initiated and for how long, any issues, and any comments from the parents on how this affected their birth experience. This information should be over a six month study period. Step 6: Integrate and Maintain the Change in Practice The information obtained should help show the benefits of skin to skin contact to all mothers and babies whether they deliver vaginally or cesarean. Hospital policy should be re-written so that all mothers or fathers are able to do skin to skin contact no matter how they deliver and only if there is a life threatening issue to mom or baby would this override the kangaroo care after delivery. Once the policy is rewritten then all staff including physicians will adhere to the policy in order to provide the best possible care to all mothers and their newborn infants. Summary Skin to skin contact or kangaroo care has only been used for vaginal mothers and infants. However, now research has shown that an infant can do skin to skin contact with its mother or father in the OR without any potential issue to the mother or baby. In fact the research shows that it is very beneficial to the mother and infant if they do skin to skin contact immediately after delivery. The setback of cesarean section is having the baby whisked away from the OR to the nursery. If they are shown the evidence based research on how skin to skin immediately after cesarean can benefit both mother and infant and how it can improve the overall birth experience, then they will be more likely to initiate the change in policy and practice.

Air-Standard Analysis Internal Combustion Engines free essay sample

Air-standard analysis treats the fluid flow through the entire engine as air and approxi ¬mates air as an ideal gas. In a real engine inlet flow may be all air, or it may be mixed, up with 7% fuel, either gaseous or as liquid droplets, or both. In air-standard analysis, even if all fluid in an engine cycle were air, some error would be introduced by assuming it to be an ideal gas with constant specific heats. At the low pressures of inlet and exhaust, air can accurately be treated as an ideal gas, but at the higher pressures during combustion, air will deviate from ideal gas behavior. A more serious error is introduced by assuming constant specific heats for the analysis. Spe ¬cific heats of a gas have a fairly strong dependency on temperature and can vary as much as 30% in the temperature range of an engine. During the cycle of a real engine there are heat losses which are neglected in air-standard analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on Air-Standard Analysis: Internal Combustion Engines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Loss of heat during combustion lowers actual peak temperature and pressure from what is predicted. The actual power stroke, therefore, starts at a lower pressure, and work output during expansion is decreased. A detailed study of the performance of a reciprocating internal combustion engine would take into account many features. These would include the combustion process occurring within the cylinder and the effects of irreversibility have associated with friction and with pressure and temperature gradients. Heat transfer between the gases in the cylinder and the cylinder walls and the work required to charge the cylinder and exhaust the products of combustion also would be considered. Owing to these complexities, accurate modeling of reciprocating internal combustion engines normally involves computer simulation. To conduct elementary thermodynamic analyses of internal combustion engines, considerable simplification is required. One procedure is to employ an air-standard analysis having the following elements: †¢A fixed amount of air modeled as an ideal gas is the working fluid. The combustion process is replaced by a heat transfer from an external source. †¢There are no exhaust and intake processes as in an actual engine. The cycle is completed by a constant-volume heat transfer process taking place while the piston is at the bottom dead center position. †¢All processes are internally reversible. In addition, in a cold air-standard analysis, the specific heats are assume d constant at their ambient temperature values. With an air-standard analysis, we avoid dealing with the complexities of the combustion process and the change of composition during combustion. Although an air-standard analysis simplifies the study of internal combustion engines considerably, values for the mean effective pressure and operating temperatures and pressures calculated on this basis may depart significantly from those of actual engines. Accordingly, air-standard analysis allows internal combustion engines to be examined only qualitatively. Still, insights concerning actual performance can result with such an approach. Reference link : http://classof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-help

Wednesday, April 22, 2020

Repression Essays (717 words) - Freudian Psychology,

Repression When forming a memory, the brain takes what we see, hear, smell, feel, and or taste, and fills in the blank spots with information that we have perceived from common knowledge and stores it as a memory. But sometimes something happens that is so shocking that the mind grabs hold of the memory and pushes it underground, into some inaccessible corner of the unconscious. There it sleeps for years, or even decades, or even forever- isolated from the rest of mental life. Then, one day it may rise up and emerge into consciousness. When the unconscious tucks away a memory, to hopefully be forgotten, it is called Repression. Repression is a defense mechanism derived from Sigmund Freud near the beginning of the century (Gay 18-19). But if a person cannot recall a memory, was it ever really a memory? Did it ever really happen? If so, can the conscious be manipulated and made to think that, through controversial methods such as hypnosis or a truth serum called sodium pentathol, a false event actually happened? (Accused) And if these false events are believed, then can the manipulated mind be used in court cases to sue the people who caused the traumatic experience? When Freud discovered the idea behind repressed memories he then had to come up with a way to recover then. A process known as psychoanalysis was formed. The theory of repression and recovery became a corner stone to understanding some of our own neurosis (Gay 18-19). When Freud began to use this method frequently, he did not know what psychologists would do with the theory today, nor did he realize that people would ever use this as a method of fraud. In 1990 a case went to trial against a man accused of murder 20 years earlier. He was accused of killing his daughters` best friend. The daughter, now an adult, began to remember slowly events that occurred and pieced together enough information to convict her father. He was the first man to ever go to trial and be convicted of murder of the grounds of a recovered memory (repressed memories). In this particular case, was the daughter beginning to remember these events before she began therapy or was this such a traumatic event that in order to settle it within her own mind, she had to come up with her own solution? When a memory becomes locked away, it can be permanent or temporary depending on the severity of the traumatic experience. Through psychoanalysis, the memory can be brought back. The process is a detailed inquiry of the persons past and past relations and events, which are recorded and analyzed. (Gay 479) Through this process, the psychologist then can determine whether or not there is more there to be brought out. This is where hypnosis and other controversial methods can come into play. When you are under hypnosis, you are completely vulnerable and susceptible to influence. Memories can then be implanted by use of descriptive details, inserted characters and fictitious plot elaboration. (Accused) There are also three ways in which memory can be affected: when it is stored, while it is being stored and when it is retrieved. During each of these times something could be misunderstood, or implanted. Psychologists are not the only influences our brain has. Recollections of horror movies, comic books, nightmares, anything on TV are liable to get garbled in our memories and tossed around to confuse us. Possibilities of retrieval of lost memories are plentiful. Memories of these things can come out in the hypnosis therapy and therapists think it to be true and valid information. But not only is it up to the techniques reliability, but it is also up to the mind and soul of the person to distinguish these other influences and recapture the true event. Knowing that evidence exists that memories can be implanted and that the mind is so easily mislead, it makes you wonder about your own past. It makes you almost want to remember things that your not even sure existed. It also makes you wonder why people would want to dredge up memories if they are not real. There is no easy answer or explanation to the theory of repression and retrieval, but until psychologists can drag our unconsciousness into the light, retrieval of repressed memories will be left in the dark. Bibliography Accused-False Memory Syndrome. http://www.accused.com/contents/overview/fms.html* (9 Sept. 1998) Freud, Sigmund. The Freud Reader. ed. Peter Gay. London: Yale University. 1995. Repressed Memories. http://www.psy.flinders.edu.au/webpages/learning/ktmgcc/page2.html* (9 Sept. 1998)

Thursday, April 16, 2020

How to Use the Best Essay Sample For the TH Grade Scholarship Essay Contest

How to Use the Best Essay Sample For the TH Grade Scholarship Essay ContestTeenagers who are preparing for the IB or TH Grade School Scholarship Essay Contest are often confused about which of the hundreds of essay samples are the best. There are many different strategies that can be used to get a winning essay that is appealing to the judges. It is important to use the best strategy to win the scholarship.The best essay samples always include a detailed explanation of the student's educational background. Students who write a lengthy essay are considered weak. Most schools will have specific guidelines for their essays and the parents should adhere to these guidelines.The best essay sample for the TH Grade Scholarship Essay Contest is one that uses vivid examples. It is always best to give a brief description of the subject you will cover and how it applies to the student's situation. The reason why it is important to use examples is because it will get students to think about their own situation.Examples should also include using both text and pictures to make the essay more interesting. Some students can only picture themselves in the shoes of others, but the examples should take them down that particular path and make them think about their own feet. The essay must look like it could be written by any student in the world.Another important key to winning a scholarship is to utilize different writing styles. There are a variety of techniques to make the essay come across more easily. Many times writing a writer will turn to articles and journal entries for inspiration.The best essay samples usually do not rely on creative writing or anything else that is unique. They will also not use long paragraphs or boring lines to create drama. Instead, the best samples use short and simple sentences.Teenagers can also use the best essay samples as outlines for their essays. Some examples can be turned into outlines and used for practice essays. It is always best to be consistent with your outline so that it comes across as if you wrote it yourself.Teenagers who are writing for scholarship essays can also benefit from a few of the best essay samples. The best ones will contain information about their circumstances that makes them unique. This is important in the competition and the student's reputation is always being judged.

Monday, March 16, 2020

Piaget Essays - Child Development, Cognitive Psychology, Free Essays

Piaget Essays - Child Development, Cognitive Psychology, Free Essays Piaget Mark Shaffer 2/29/00 Jean Piaget Jean Piaget grew up in a quiet region of French Switzerland. His father was a professor and his mother was a Calvinist. In 1918 Piaget earned a doctorate in zoology and started studying psychoanalysis. In 1920 he moved to Paris to study children's intelligence. He was fascinated with the way a child's mind works. He moved back to Switzerland to watch and observe children. Piaget did not think of children as being wrong, he thought of them as thinking in a different way. (www.pathfinder.com/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html) Piaget was a constructivist. He believed that knowledge was not preformed and it was always being constructed and developed with interaction with reality. (www.pathfinder.com/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html) He also found that a child's logic and ways of thinking are different from adults. His research centered around one question: how does knowledge grow? The way he answered it was, the growth of knowledge is a progressive construction of logically embedded structures superseding one another by a process of inclusion of lower less powerful logical means into higher and more powerful ones up to adulthood. (www.unige.ch/piaget/biog.html) He called this study of the development of knowledge genetic epistemology. He said that everyone, no-matter how young or old, has skills that help him or her gain knowledge. He called these skills schemas. (www.ship.edu/cgboeree/piaget.html) Piaget had four basic stages in his developmental theory. First is the sensorimotor stage. This stage lasts from birth to about two years old. The infant uses his five senses and his motor ability to understand the world and to develop skills or schemas. Before the end of this stage the child is able to pretend and has mental representation of objects. (www.ship.edu/cgboeree/piaget.html) Piaget's second stage was called the preoperational stage. This lasts from about two to seven years old. In this stage the child develops the use of symbols. For example when a child sees the word dog he or she knows what that word stands for. They also develop an understanding of the past and future. While in this stage, the child sees things from one point of view. They think that everything happens or is there because of them. They might say that the carpet is soft so when they fall they won't get hurt. (www.ship.edu/cgboeree/piaget.html) In the third stage, called concrete operations stage, the child begins to be able to classify. They will be able to put things in order from biggest to smallest or by color. They also develop the idea of conservation. This means that the child will be able to tell that quantity is the same no matter what shape it takes. For example when there are four marbles lined up and four scattered in another area the child will be able to tell that there is the same amount in both areas. The concrete operations stage lasts from about seven to eleven years of age. (www.ship.edu/cgboeree/piaget.html) Piaget's last stage is the called formal operations stage, and starts at about twelve years old. This stage involves using logical operations in an abstract way. This is also referred to as hypothetical thinking. This stage involves things like the formation of a hypothesis and the elimination of a hypothesis to solve problems or questions. (www.ship.edu/cgboeree/piaget.html) In physical education it is important to know how your children think. A physical educator can not make their lesson too complicated for the child to understand. This is especially true at the elementary level. If the child does not understand what is being taught then the child will not put forth any effort and may be turned off of physical activity. At the very beginning of a child's schooling he or she is still in the preoperational stage. Therefor it would not be a good idea to try to incorporate logic or the use of conservation into the lesson. A child at that age should be taught physical education in a way that will be easily understood. It should center on the use of symbols and basic physical skills such as running, jumping and throwing. Bibliography 1. www.ship.edu/cgboeree/piaget.html 2. www.unique.ch/piaget/biog.html 3. www.pathfinder.com/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html

Saturday, February 29, 2020

A Study Of Mansa Musa, The Wealthy King From Mali

A Study Of Mansa Musa, The Wealthy King From Mali Mansa Musa and the Kingdom Of Mali Mansa Musa is said to be one of the richest kings to have ever lived and his kingdom of Mali was a grand empire. But what made both Mansa Musa and Mali so prosperous and grand? And why if that was the case is it not held in the same regards as say Egypt? Using primary sources I plan to investigate and discuss Mali’s economic and social background, the history of Mali and why it isn’t considered to be on the same scale as Egypt is held to. The goal is for the reader to get an idea of what circumstances and actions allowed for Mali to prosper. To do this I will first go over the agricultural and environmental makeup of the Empire of Mali, then discuss briefly its history before and after Mansa Musa including the fall of Mali. After that I will provide my own opinion as to why Mali is not held in the same regards as Egypt, which will conclude this paper. Firstly it is important to understand the environmental and agricultural state of the ancient empire of Mali. The empire itself was massive, encompassing parts of modern day Burkina, Niger, Senegal, Guinea. The fact that that Mali was so expansive is one of the reasons Mali was so prosperous. In the book The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800 Christopher Ehret described the kingdom of Mali as having good amount of diversity when it came to its landscapes and environments. This included the desert Sahara to the north and the wild rich jungles to the south. (Ehret, 2002.) Because of this environmental diversity they had a number of different goods that they could trade not only within their own empire, but with other states as well. These goods included agricultural items such as kola nuts and shea butter. But they also traded manufactured goods such as textiles and metal goods, especially gold which was found in numerous amounts in Mali. (Ehret, 2002.) This would not have been possible though if it weren’t for the merchants running these trades. Mali absorbed several of its neighboring states and its people into the empire, mostly thanks to Sundiata and his desperados who I will discuss later, and this massive number of people led to consequences that would later make Mali a prime trader center in Africa, and this was only helped later by Mansa Musa. For example there were several different people leaving within Mali, these include the Soninke and Jakhanke, just to name a few. Merchants from these respective people would create juulas, which were trading firms set up throughout Mali. And things were made easy when they took certain portions of Mali to trade in. For example the Soninke focused more on north on the fringes of the Sahara for their trading and then expanded eastward towards the Sahel Valley at a later point in time. The Jakhanke meanwhile spread commercially west towards what are now the regions of Gambia and Se negal. (Ehret, 2002.) As I stated before this economic boom that took place in Mali could not have happened if it was not for both Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Sundiata made it so Mali existed and Mansa Musa brought in more trade thanks to his pilgrimage which attracted merchants from all over to Mali. And while Mansa Musa is considered to be on the richest and greatest kings of history, I believe it is important to look at who came before him, and made it so both Mansa Musa and Ancient Mali could prosper for years to come. What were the conditions or beginnings of Mali’s greatness? That all starts with Sundiata, who paved the way for Mali’s greatness and his own grandson’s greatness as well. Sundiata was the youngest of 12 children and he came from the Mandingo people of the time. (Bovill, 1995.). While his family was killed he was allowed to live because he was very ill and the attackers believed he would not survive. But he did, and he grew to become the Mari Jata and national hero of the Mandingo people. He became the first king or Mansa of Mali, and was a driving force in expanding its borders. Ibn Khaldun, a great historian was there when all of this was occurring and he himself stated â€Å"Their greatest king who overcame the Soso, conquered their country and seized power from the hands was the Mari Dhata†¦He ruled for twenty five years.† (Levtzion, pg. 66. 1973) Yet while hailed as the greatest king and national hero, he was not well liked by his people and so to keep the peace he hired desperados to aid him. With the help of said desperados, he quieted his people and took to expanding Mali’s boarders. Sundiata was a great warrior and tactician never having lost a battle if he was in one. (Bovill, 1995.) With his actions and what would seem to be tireless effort, he expanded Mali’s borders which allowed for a diversity of environments and agricultural items that could also be traded as discussed above. These agricultural goods could also be used to make manufactured goods. With help from his grandson, Mansa Musa, nearly 100 years later it lead Mali to a sort of economic and trading boom. (Levtzion, 1973). These two hand in hand basically made Mali what it was, even though they were so far apart. I believe it is important to pause and discuss these factors. Thanks to Sundiata not only did Mali have a great army and a powerful one at that, but thanks to him Mali’s prosperous future had already begun to take shape. The army was there to not only protect Mali’s numerous citizens, but also what the land had to offer as a whole. I believe it is safe to infer that without Sundiata doing what he did and being so successful at it, who knows how Mali would have worked. His conquest allowed for a backbone in which Mali could grow and thrive. But it would also seem to give Mali this sort of air that they indeed an empire to be reckoned with. It is also important to note the idea of image and keep in mind both Sundiata and Mali’s image which I will discuss later in this paper. Nearly a 100 years passed between when Sundiata ruled and when Mansa Musa took to the throne. And in those 100 years no king was able to reach the godlike status Sundiata had held. Mansa Musa though considered to be a great king did not reach this status either. But he is a favorite of Muslim, Oriental and Sudanese writers. (Levtzion, 1973.) That did not happen until Mansa Musa took the throne. He is famously known for his pilgrimage to Mecca and the spectacle that surrounded him. Bovill discussed the very spectacle in his book, â€Å"The spectacular scale on which it was conducted caused such a sensation in Cairo and other places which witnessed the passage of his splendid caravan, that the name of the Mandingo monarch quickly became familiar throughout a large part of the civilized world.† (Bovill, pg. 86, para 3) His fame even stretched as far as Europe and the Middle East as well. He alone showed Mali’s opulence to the world around him, and it was quite impressive. Mansa Musa began his Hadj sometime in 1324, which was the seventh year of his reign, after taking the throne in 1307. It is known that he passed through Walata and Tuat, but it is unknown which way he took to get to Cairo. (Bovill, 1995.) Though Bovill states a theory as to which way he’d gone, saying â€Å"It was probably through Wargla and thence to the coast of the Syrtes which would have given merchants from many parts of Europe trading with Africa an opportunity to witness his splendor†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bovill, pg. 87, 1995.) While on his travels, he and his entourage apparently were a sight to behold. He rode on horseback, and had 500 slaves walking in front of him and each of them carried a staff of hold that weighed 1/8th of gold. (Bovill, 1995.) Mansa Musa is also described as being of â€Å"pale complexion, variously described as red or yellow.† (Bovill, pg. 87. 1995.) This contributed to his notoriety, since he was considered to be a Negro king, and yet he did not look like one considering he did not have dark skin, which was typical of Negro kings. He was known for his piety and generosity, and seemed to hand out gold every chance he had. (Bovill, 1995.) In fact so much gold was handed out that in Cairo years after Mansa Musa had passed through and completed his travels gold had become devalued in Cairo. (Bovill, 1995.) This is a good example of just how kind Mansa Musa to everyone, even if they were not from Mali or Muslim. A good example of Mansa Musa’s generosity is when a merchant from Alexandria joined his caravan and traveled with him back to Sudan, though unfortunately the merchant died. Mansa Musa, being the generous and noble king who keeps his promises, paid the man’s heirs in full. (Bovill, 1995.). His kindness in returned allowed for others to take care of him when running low on funds and Mansa Musa promised to pay back his loan once he returned to his kingdom. (Bovill, 1995.) In fact it was due to Mansa Musa’s hadj that trade increased and boomed within Mali. (Bovill, 1995.) The world now knew that Mali was a hub for an important item and that was gold. So simply by traveling and showering people with gold enough interest was drummed up to increase Mali’s trade, which in itself is quite an amazing feat, but really that nothing less should be expected from Mali’s greatest king. Unfortunately after Mansa Musa’s death, things once again fell into a sort of disarray, the same which occurred after Sundiata’s death. Mansa Musa’s son Maghan took the throne, though he was only there for four years. During his reign the city of Timbuktu was seized and burned to the ground, and the two princes who had been captured by his father were released and moved to recapture their city from Mali’s grip. Maghan died after only four years, and it is suspected that he was disposed of by his uncle Sulymon, who is also Mansa Musa’s brother. He was the one originally entitled to the throne after Mansa Musa’s death, but he was denied that when Maghan took the throne. (Levtzion, 1973.) Unlike his brother Sulymon was not well liked, in fact he was hated, â€Å"because of his parsimony in contrast to the generosity of his brother Mansa Musa.† (Levtzion, pg. 66. 1973.) After his death the two kings after him had short reigns, his son lasting for only four months and the one after that lasting for a considerable longer time of 14 years. (Levtzion, 1973) But during this time civil war broke out and this troubled period marked the decline of Mali. The throne was often bickered over by descents of Sundiata and Mansa Musa, where it switched off periodically. Finally one of the last kings was simply known as Mari Djata, son of Maghan and grandson to Mansa Musa. But he was considered to be â€Å"the wicked ruler they had, because of the punishment, tyranny and corruption he imposed upon them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Levtzion, pg. 68. 1973.), them referring to his people. After him Mali went through a few more kings, but it was no longer the great empire that it had once been a nd was left in a state of disrepair. Now that I have laid out all the information, I will now discuss my own theory as to why Mali is not held in as high regards as Egypt, and I will do this by discussing Mali’s image, race, leaders and history. First Mali’s image, became well known in ancient times. This by itself is by the image that its leaders managed to show. Here we have Sundiata who is a great general and furious fighter. He protected his country and insured that not only his family, but his people had something that they could build and grow on. Then we have Mansa Musa, who in many ways is Sundiata’s exact opposite, and he brought the necessary people to build up Mali’s trade and economics. In Mali’s defense of image it had to great leaders. And if we are to compare that our own time that is a very important part of a country or empire’s image. Think of Egypt and the first pharaoh that comes to mind is either Radames or King Tut. One is known for being a truly great and powerful pharaoh of his time. And the other is known for the tomb that was discovered well after his death. But the idea of image can easily constitute how people view a place and how it is upheld. So in this regard I feel like Egypt and Mali are very similar. And yet its kings don’t seem to be held at the same regard as say the kings of Egypt. And one must ask why that is the case. For me, after researching and reading comes down to one thing and that is race. Mali is considered to be a Negro or Black kingdom, unlike Egypt which often isn’t considered one. The fact that Mali is a Negro empire is why it isn’t held in higher regard. Even the past Negro kingdoms were looked down by quite a few people The fact that Mansa Musa was black was a surprise to everyone who saw him even. Here was a man with great wealth and power and he was black. But we also have firsthand accounts of how some viewed blacks, for example Ibn Battuta who was not impressed by Blacks and in fact refused to write about them or visit their kingdom. (Bovill, 1973.) Race still plays a big part in who tells what stories as far as history is concerned. Even till this day it is grudgingly admitted that Mansa Musa was one of the richest and most well-known kings of history. And that is because he is considered to be Negro or black. This is of course in great contrast to say Egypt, where we don’t exactly know how the Egyptians looked. Though it is theorized and even I believe that Egypt itself was racially diverse not everyone thinks along these same lines and ideals. All we need to do is look at Black Athena Writes Back, a book that suggests that Blacks were the ones who had influence on Greeks and Phoenicians, and many sought a way to discredit said idea. (Bernal, 2001.) But throughout history Europe and other countries have wanted to grab Egypt for its opulence, history and what they left behind. And many people did not want to think the rulers of Egypt were black or people of color. There are whole arguments that try and prove that. I think a great example of how prevailing this thought is, of Egypt not being a part of Africa but more a part of the western and European world is the movie Gods of Egypt which has recently come out, which showed Egyptian pharaohs, gods and people as being of all European descent, which I don’t think is all that accurate to how Egypt was in the past. Now yes, this is a fantasy movie, but I think it’s still important to bring up the fact that is still a sort of prevailing issue. History has a habit of shutting down anything that lifts up black people. From history blacks have always been seen as inferior in the eyes of other. And to suddenly put an African kingdom to the same opulence of Egypt would shake up the status quo that has been set up by past historians. Africa has been denied its opulence unless it is Egypt, and everyone ese tries to claim that. So it is no wonder that we don’t hear much about Mali or Mansa Musa when we are schooled. And really look at why. We have a black man who is a great and successful leader. He is kind, generous and rich. That in itself would be a great story to inspire anyone who reads about him, especially for example black youth. We live in a world where we cannot see ourselves in the media and are always being criticized for being who we are. Enslaved and discriminated against, race is still a huge issue. And if Mali were held in the same regards of Egypt, well that would mean the norm and prevalent idea and though t that Africa as a whole is not advanced or had these great kingdoms would be shattered. But that isn’t the case and it should be noted that there is more to Africa than just Egypt. Another inference one could make as well is time. Egypt’s Kingdom lasted for almost 1,000 years. That is a long time for one kingdom in a world that is always changing and shifting, there were three major eras and three intermediate periods. Egypt had time to grow and the fact that this one kingdom lasted for so long just helps to show that Egypt is something that the world should know about and why it’s held in such high regards. Mali unfortunately does not have that. For after Mansa Musa, the empire went into decline as stated above. The empire itself lasted only about 300 years, and can be counted within four generations thanks to the likes of Ibn Khaldun. (Levtzion, 1973.) But that is fair. Empires rise and fall. That is how they work. Even Ancient Egypt fell after nearly 1, 000 years, and this includes once it was taken over by Greece in its later years. But those 1,000 years allowed for Egypt to be put upon a pedestal that Mali simply cannot reach. Not to mention unlike Egypt where there was a rise and fall of ups and downs, Mali seemed to suffer negatively. As stated above Sundiata and Mansa Musa uplifted and improved the empire. But in-between those, the other kings did nothing to reach the status of previous kings. And more often than not there was infighting, bickering and more often death. This in itself is a third reason. Mali to some may seem like it failed being an empire all together. Out of all of its rulers only two seemed to truly keep the empire stable and improve upon it. And I don’t think that is a fair assumption to make. Like I stated above, empires rise and fall. And just because Mali fell and had a run of inopportune leaders does not mean that it was an overall failure. Egypt can be put into this same category, since it to fell. But it does not mean it was a failure. Each kingdom was successful in its own ways. Egypt had success in trade, in building landmarks that still stand to this day. And while Mali lost Timbuktu it was there. They were a center of gold, and spread it throughout Africa with the help of Mansa Musa. They both have their fair share of success and failure. But I believe history as a whole is a little harder on Mali because once again it is a Negro kingdom, and finding fault and making it seem major is a thing that still happens ti ll this day. In conclusion I believe that is a mixture between race and time that holds Mali and Mansa Musa back from being held in the same regards as Egypt, when it comes to prosperity and popularity. Both are prominent and important kingdoms that had their fair share of success and failures. But the fact that one cannot pin point the exact race of Egypt’s rulers and its people allows for others to put it on a higher pedestal and look down on Mali, since it is a Negro or black kingdom. But in my eyes, it deserves to be right up there. It is an empire that if it had the right rulers and maybe had a longer time to shine would be something that would be talked about in many more class rooms like Egypt is. Or praised like Egypt is. Or fought over much like Egypt was to be begin with. I believe the only way for Mali to rise to the same height as the other kingdom is if this idea of race is changed and improved upon. I whole heartedly believe that is one of the things that keeps Mali in the sh adows. While I have heard of Mali, this is the only class where I was able to learn in depth about the empire and its people. In other classes it’s always Egypt. And I hope in good time people will look at Mali and see it for what it was. A powerful, prosperous empire that should be taught and talked about, just like Egypt is.